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==History==
==History==
=== Forerunners ===
=== Origins (late 1970s and 1980s) ===
[[Cromagnon (band)|Cromagnon's]] 1969 record ''[[Orgasm (Cromagnon album)|Orgasm]]'' has been credited with foreshadowing the industrial rock sound, with [[AllMusic]] describing it as sounding "like it could be a [[Ministry (band)|Ministry]] [...] recording from 1989".<ref>{{cite web |last=Henderson |first=Alex |title=Cromagnon: Orgasm |url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/orgasm-mw0000619006 |access-date=May 17, 2020 |work=[[AllMusic]]}}</ref> Subsequently, [[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]] labelled the opening track "Caledonia" as a "pre-industrial stomp".<ref>{{cite web |last=Baron |first=Zach |title=The 200 Greatest Songs of the 1960s |url=http://pitchfork.com/features/staff-lists/6400-the-200-greatest-songs-of-the-1960s/2/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100409185412/http://pitchfork.com/features/staff-lists/6400-the-200-greatest-songs-of-the-1960s/2/ |archive-date=April 9, 2010 |access-date=20 February 2017 |work=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]}}</ref>
[[Richie Unterberger]] assessed the [[Red Krayola]] as "a precursor to industrial rock"<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/the-red-krayola-mn0000417607/biography | title=The Red Krayola Biography, Songs, & Albums | website=[[AllMusic]] }}</ref> with their 1967 record ''[[The Parable of Arable Land]]'' exhibiting music made by 50 people on anything from [[Power tool|industrial power tools]] to a [[motorcycle|revving motorcycle]] whilst [[Pitchfork (website)|''Pitchfork''<nowiki/>'s]] Alex Lindhart cited their 1968 follow up ''[[God Bless the Red Krayola and All Who Sail With It]]'' as being "bootleg [[Einstürzende Neubauten]] at its grimiest [[atonality]]". [[AllMusic]] critic Alex Henderson has stated that [[experimental music|experimental]] group [[Cromagnon (band)|Cromagnon]]'s 1969 record ''[[Orgasm (Cromagnon album)|Orgasm]]'' foreshadowed the industrial rock sound.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/orgasm-mw0000619006|title= Cromagnon: Orgasm|work=[[AllMusic]]|access-date=May 17, 2020|first=Alex |last=Henderson}}</ref> Specifically, Pitchfork's Zach Baron noted their song "Caledonia" for its "pre-industrial stomp".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pitchfork.com/features/staff-lists/6400-the-200-greatest-songs-of-the-1960s/2/|title=The 200 Greatest Songs of the 1960s|work=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]|access-date=20 February 2017|first=Zach|last=Baron|archive-date=April 9, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100409185412/http://pitchfork.com/features/staff-lists/6400-the-200-greatest-songs-of-the-1960s/2/|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Krautrock]] musicians [[Michael Rother]] and [[Klaus Dinger]] included industrial noise on their track "Negativland" (from their 1972 debut ''[[Neu! (album)|Neu!]]'') as well as [[krautrock]] band [[Faust (band)|Faust]] on their track "Meadow Meal" (from their 1971 debut ''[[Faust (album)|Faust]]''). [[AllMusic]] stated that [[Suicide (band)|Suicide's]] 1977 debut album "provided the blueprints for [[post-punk]], [[Synthpop|synth pop]], and [[industrial rock]]."<ref name="allmusic-review2">{{cite web |last=Phares |first=Heather |title=Suicide [First Album] – Suicide |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/suicide-first-album-mw0000690243 |access-date=June 19, 2013 |publisher=[[AllMusic]]}}</ref>


In 1976, English musician [[David Bowie]] collaborated with American musician [[Iggy Pop]] on his 1977 solo debut ''[[The Idiot (album)|The Idiot]]''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Pegg |first=Nicholas |title=The Complete David Bowie|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LqFkDQAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Titan Books]] |location=London |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-78565-365-0 |edition=Revised and Updated |page=487}}</ref> Musically, the album is said to contain elements of industrial rock,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://totallystockholm.se/music/gig-highlight-iggy-pop/|title=Gig Highlight: Iggy Pop|website=Totally Stockholm|date=May 4, 2016|access-date=February 14, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215024628/http://totallystockholm.se/music/gig-highlight-iggy-pop/|archive-date=February 15, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> notably the closing track, "Mass Production", which contains numerous "proto-industrial noises" created using [[tape loop]]s,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Seabrook |first1=Thomas Jerome |title=Bowie in Berlin: A New Career in a New Town |date=2008 |location=London |publisher=Jawbone Press |isbn=978-1-90600-208-4 |page=94}}</ref> and is described by Hugo Wilcken as "early industrial electronica".<ref>{{cite book| first=Hugo| last=Wilcken| year=2005| title=David Bowie's ''Low'' (33 1/3)| publisher=Continuum| isbn=978-0-826-41684-1 |pages=37–58}}</ref> ''The Idiot'' has been described as having a major influence on [[Joy Division]], who formed shortly before its release.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Seabrook |first1=Thomas Jerome |title=Bowie in Berlin: A New Career in a New Town |date=2008 |location=London |publisher=Jawbone Press |isbn=978-1-90600-208-4 |pages=94–95}}</ref> Joy Division were signed to the industrially themed label [[Factory Records]] which had been founded in 1978; their albums ''[[Unknown Pleasures]]'' (1979) and ''[[Closer (Joy Division album)|Closer]]'' (1980) heavily influenced the further development of industrial rock. [[Chrome (band)|Chrome]] has also been credited as the "beginning of industrial rock"<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ww2.kqed.org/arts/2015/07/15/chrome-at-40-the-most-influential-band-youve-never-heard/ |title=Chrome at 40 the most influential band you've never heard |publisher=KQED |date=July 15, 2015 |access-date=February 8, 2018}}</ref> and their 1978 ''[[Half Machine Lip Moves]]'' was listed on ''Wire''<nowiki/>'s "100 Records That Set The World On Fire (When No One Was Listening)".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rtxarchive.com/archive/articles/wire175.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613182618/http://www.rtxarchive.com/archive/articles/wire175.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 13, 2007 |title=The Wire's 100 Records That Set The World On Fire While No One Was Listening |work=[[The Wire (magazine)|The Wire]] |date=September 6, 1998 |access-date=February 8, 2018}}</ref>
Other bands recognized as precursors to industrial rock include the [[The Red Krayola|Red Krayola]] with "[[The Parable of Arable Land|Free Form Freak-Out]]",<ref name="Mayo Thompson Interview Part 12">{{cite web |title=Mayo Thompson Interview Part 1 |url=http://www.richieunterberger.com/mayo.html |website=Richieunterberger.com}}</ref> and later German [[krautrock]] bands [[Neu!]] with their track "[[Neu! (album)|Negativland]]", [[Can (band)|Can]] with "[[Tago Mago|Peking-O]]" and "[[Ege Bamyasi|Soup]]" as well as [[Faust (band)|Faust]] with "[[Faust (album)|Meadow Meal]]". [[AllMusic]] credited [[Suicide (band)|Suicide's]] 1977 [[Suicide (1977 album)|debut album]] with providing the blueprints for industrial rock."<ref name="allmusic-review22">{{cite web |last=Phares |first=Heather |title=Suicide [First Album] – Suicide |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/suicide-first-album-mw0000690243 |access-date=June 19, 2013 |publisher=[[AllMusic]]}}</ref>

=== Origins (late 1970s and 1980s) ===
Music critics credit the [[San Francisco]] band [[Chrome (band)|Chrome]] with sparking the "beginning of industrial rock"<ref>{{cite web |date=July 15, 2015 |title=Chrome at 40 the most influential band you've never heard |url=https://ww2.kqed.org/arts/2015/07/15/chrome-at-40-the-most-influential-band-youve-never-heard/ |access-date=February 8, 2018 |publisher=KQED}}</ref> as evidenced by their albums [[Alien Soundtracks|''Alien Soundtracks'']] (1977), ''[[Half Machine Lip Moves]]'' (1978) and [[Red Exposure|''Red Exposure'']] (1980).<ref>{{cite web |date=September 6, 1998 |title=The Wire's 100 Records That Set The World On Fire While No One Was Listening |url=http://www.rtxarchive.com/archive/articles/wire175.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613182618/http://www.rtxarchive.com/archive/articles/wire175.html |archive-date=June 13, 2007 |access-date=February 8, 2018 |work=[[The Wire (magazine)|The Wire]]}}</ref> Other influences on industrial rock include [[Einstürzende Neubauten]], [[Alien Sex Fiend]] and [[Come (band)|Come]].


⚫
Industrial rock was created in the mid- to late 1970s, amidst the [[punk rock]] revolution and [[disco]] fever. Prominent early industrial musicians include [[Throbbing Gristle]], [[Cabaret Voltaire (band)|Cabaret Voltaire]], [[Boyd Rice|NON]], [[SPK (band)|SPK]] and [[Z'EV]].<ref>Vale & Juno, 1983.</ref> Many other artists have been cited as influences such as [[Kraftwerk]], [[Gary Numan]], and [[Tubeway Army]] as well as [[Einstürzende Neubauten]] and [[Fad Gadget]]. Many other musical performers were incorporating industrial music elements into a variety of musical styles.
In 1977, [[Iggy Pop]] released his solo debut ''[[The Idiot (album)|The Idiot]]'', produced by [[David Bowie]], the album is said to contain elements of industrial rock.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://totallystockholm.se/music/gig-highlight-iggy-pop/|title=Gig Highlight: Iggy Pop|website=Totally Stockholm|date=May 4, 2016|access-date=February 14, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215024628/http://totallystockholm.se/music/gig-highlight-iggy-pop/|archive-date=February 15, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Pegg |first=Nicholas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LqFkDQAAQBAJ |title=The Complete David Bowie |publisher=[[Titan Books]] |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-78565-365-0 |edition=Revised and Updated |location=London |page=487}}</ref> Notably the closing track, "[[The Idiot (album)|Mass Production]]', which contains numerous "proto-industrial noises" created using [[tape loop]]s.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Seabrook |first1=Thomas Jerome |title=Bowie in Berlin: A New Career in a New Town |date=2008 |location=London |publisher=Jawbone Press |isbn=978-1-90600-208-4 |page=94}}</ref> Hugo Wilcken describes this track as "early industrial electronica".<ref>{{cite book| first=Hugo| last=Wilcken| year=2005| title=David Bowie's ''Low'' (33 1/3)| publisher=Continuum| isbn=978-0-826-41684-1 |pages=37–58}}</ref> ''The Idiot'' has been noted as having a major influence on [[Joy Division]], who were signed to the industrially themed label [[Factory Records]], founded in 1978. Joy Division, in turn, influenced industrial rock bands such as [[Nine Inch Nails]] who would cover [[Dead Souls (song)|Dead Souls]] in 1994.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Seabrook |first1=Thomas Jerome |title=Bowie in Berlin: A New Career in a New Town |date=2008 |publisher=Jawbone Press |isbn=978-1-90600-208-4 |location=London |pages=94–95}}</ref>


Some [[post-punk]] performers developed styles parallel to industrial music's defining attributes. [[Pere Ubu]]'s debut, ''[[The Modern Dance]]'', was described by Jim Irvin as "industrial",<ref>Irvin, 2001, p. 442.</ref> and [[Chris Connelly (musician)|Chris Connelly]] said the musical project [[Foetus (band)|Foetus]] was "the instigator when it comes to the marriage of machinery to [[hardcore punk]]."<ref name=connelly>Connelly, 2007, p. 12.</ref> Music journalist [[Simon Reynolds]] considered [[Killing Joke]], which saw mainstream success with their 1985 album ''[[Night Time (album)|Night Time]]'',<ref>{{cite web |title=UK albums charts – killing Joke |url=http://www.theofficialcharts.com/artist/_/killing%20joke/#albums |work=theofficialcharts.com |access-date=9 January 2020}}</ref> "a post-punk version of [[Heavy metal music|heavy metal]]."<ref name=kj>Reynolds, 2005, p. 435.</ref>
⚫
Amidst the [[punk rock]] revolution and [[disco]] fever of the mid-to late 1970s, [[industrial music]] was created. Prominent early industrial musicians include [[Throbbing Gristle]], [[Cabaret Voltaire (band)|Cabaret Voltaire]], [[Boyd Rice|NON]], [[SPK (band)|SPK]] and [[Z'EV]].<ref>Vale & Juno, 1983.</ref> Electronic artists such as [[Kraftwerk]], [[Gary Numan]] of [[Tubeway Army]] and [[Fad Gadget]] have been cited as notable influences on [[industrial music]].


⚫
Others followed in their wake.<ref>Chantler, 2002, p. 54.</ref> The New York City band [[Swans (band)|Swans]] were inspired by the local [[no wave]] scene, as well as punk rock, [[noise music]] (particularly [[Whitehouse (band)|Whitehouse]]) and the original industrial groups.<ref name=swans>Licht, 2003, p. 32.</ref> [[Steve Albini]]'s [[Big Black]] followed a similar path,<ref>Blush, 2001, p. 222.</ref> while also incorporating American [[hardcore punk]].<ref name=black>Sharp, 1999, p. 48.</ref> Big Black has also been closely associated with [[post-hardcore]] and [[noise rock]], though their ties to industrial music are extremely apparent. The Swiss trio [[The Young Gods]], who deliberately eschewed electric guitars in favor of a [[sampler (musical instrument)|sampler]],<ref>Mörat, 1992, p. 12.</ref> also took inspiration from both hardcore and industrial.<ref>Stud & Stud, 1987, p. 27.</ref> In 1986, Canadian band [[Skinny Puppy]] released the album ''[[Mind: The Perpetual Intercourse]]'',<ref>{{cite web|last1=DiGravina|first1=Tim|title=Mind: The Perpetual Intercourse|url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/mind-the-perpetual-intercourse-mw0000200383|website=[[AllMusic]]|access-date=9 January 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701020816/http://www.allmusic.com/album/mind-the-perpetual-intercourse-mw0000200383|archive-date=1 July 2016}}</ref> with its lead single, "[[Dig It (Skinny Puppy song)|Dig It]]", seeing frequent airplay on [[MTV]].<ref>{{cite web|title=1986 Rock Music Timeline|url=http://www.rockmusictimeline.com/1986.html|website=Rock Music Timeline|publisher=rockmusictimeline.com|access-date=9 January 2020}}</ref> The song was a major influence on [[Nine Inch Nails]] founder [[Trent Reznor]], who used it as inspiration when writing his first song, "[[Down in It]]".<ref name="NIN Spin 1996">{{Cite magazine|last=Weisbard|first=Eric|date=February 1996|title=Sympathy for the Devil|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=td2yO_T3DPEC&pg=PA34|publisher=Spin Media LLC|volume=11|issue=11|pages=34–42, 96|issn=0886-3032|access-date=9 January 2020|magazine=[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]]|via=Google Books}}</ref>{{rp|38}}
Subsequently, [[post-punk]] and [[post-hardcore]] bands, began incorporating elements of industrial music into rock music. [[Chris Connelly (musician)|Chris Connelly]] said the musical project [[Foetus (band)|Foetus]] was "the instigator when it comes to the marriage of machinery to [[hardcore punk]]."<ref name="connelly">Connelly, 2007, p. 12.</ref> Some [[post-punk]] performers developed styles parallel to industrial music's defining attributes. [[Pere Ubu|Pere Ubu's]] debut, ''[[The Modern Dance|Modern Dance]]'', was described by Jim Irvin as "industrial".<ref>Irvin, 2001, p. 442.</ref> Music journalist [[Simon Reynolds]] described [[Killing Joke]] as "a post-punk version of [[Heavy metal music|heavy metal]]."<ref name="kj">Reynolds, 2005, p. 435.</ref> Their album ''[[Night Time (album)|Night Time]]'' (1985) saw mainstream success and influenced [[Trent Reznor]] of [[Nine Inch Nails]].<ref>{{cite web |title=UK albums charts – killing Joke |url=http://www.theofficialcharts.com/artist/_/killing%20joke/#albums |work=theofficialcharts.com |access-date=9 January 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Breen |first=Mike |title=Killing Joke, One of the Most Influential Post Punk Bands of All Time, is Coming to Cincinnati |url=https://www.citybeat.com/music/killing-joke-one-of-the-most-influential-post-punk-bands-of-all-time-is-coming-to-cincinnati-12175145 |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=Cincinnati CityBeat |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Big Black (1986).jpg|thumb|Big Black at [[Chicago]]'s [[Union Station (Chicago)|Union Station]] in 1986; left to right: Riley, Albini, and Durango]]
⚫
Others followed in their wake.<ref>Chantler, 2002, p. 54.</ref> The New York City band [[Swans (band)|Swans]] were inspired by the local [[no wave]] scene, notably [[Glenn Branca|Glenn Branca's]] band [[Theoretical Girls]] "You Got Me"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Calvert |first=John |date=2014-03-10 |title=A Beginner's Guide to No Wave |url=https://www.factmag.com/2014/03/10/a-beginners-guide-to-no-wave/ |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=Fact Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref>, as well as punk rock, [[noise music]] (particularly [[Whitehouse (band)|Whitehouse]]) and the original industrial groups.<ref name=swans>Licht, 2003, p. 32.</ref> [[Steve Albini|Steve Albini's]] [[Big Black]] followed a similar path,<ref>Blush, 2001, p. 222.</ref> while also incorporating American [[hardcore punk]].<ref name=black>Sharp, 1999, p. 48.</ref> Big Black has also been closely associated with [[post-hardcore]] and [[noise rock]], though their ties to industrial music are extremely apparent. The Swiss trio [[The Young Gods]], who deliberately eschewed electric guitars in favor of a [[sampler (musical instrument)|sampler]],<ref>Mörat, 1992, p. 12.</ref> also took inspiration from both hardcore and industrial.<ref>Stud & Stud, 1987, p. 27.</ref> In 1986, Canadian band [[Skinny Puppy]] released the album ''[[Mind: The Perpetual Intercourse]]'',<ref>{{cite web|last1=DiGravina|first1=Tim|title=Mind: The Perpetual Intercourse|url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/mind-the-perpetual-intercourse-mw0000200383|website=[[AllMusic]]|access-date=9 January 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701020816/http://www.allmusic.com/album/mind-the-perpetual-intercourse-mw0000200383|archive-date=1 July 2016}}</ref> with its lead single, "[[Dig It (Skinny Puppy song)|Dig It]]", seeing frequent airplay on [[MTV]].<ref>{{cite web|title=1986 Rock Music Timeline|url=http://www.rockmusictimeline.com/1986.html|website=Rock Music Timeline|publisher=rockmusictimeline.com|access-date=9 January 2020}}</ref> The song was a major influence on [[Nine Inch Nails]] founder [[Trent Reznor]], who used it as inspiration when writing his first song, "[[Down in It]]".<ref name="NIN Spin 1996">{{Cite magazine|last=Weisbard|first=Eric|date=February 1996|title=Sympathy for the Devil|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=td2yO_T3DPEC&pg=PA34|publisher=Spin Media LLC|volume=11|issue=11|pages=34–42, 96|issn=0886-3032|access-date=9 January 2020|magazine=[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]]|via=Google Books}}</ref>{{rp|38}}


Chicago's [[Wax Trax! Records]] became a vanguard for the genre in the 1980s<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.altpress.com/features/wax-trax-documentary-record-store-day-interview/ |title=Ministry, Cold Cave to Tour Behind Wax Trax! Documentary |last=Narvaja |first=Norm |date= 10 April 2019 |website=altpress.com |publisher= [[Alternative Press (magazine)|Alternative Press]] |access-date=21 March 2020 }}</ref> and is credited for introducing it to the United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/wax-trax-reduxchart-watch/Content?oid=882542 |title= Wax Trax Redux/Chart Watch |last=Wyman |first=Bill |date= 12 August 1993 |website=chicagoreader.com |publisher= [[Chicago Reader]] |access-date=21 March 2020 }}</ref> [[Ministry (band)|Ministry's]] 1988 album ''[[The Land of Rape and Honey]]'', departed from the band's synthesizer-oriented sound for a rock style that drew from hardcore punk and [[thrash metal]], while retaining electronic elements and samples.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://loudwire.com/10-most-underrated-bands-1980s/|title=10 Most Underrated Bands of 1980s|website=[[Loudwire]]|last=Hartmann|first=Graham|date=10 January 2019|access-date=21 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pitchfork.com/features/lists-and-guides/the-33-best-industrial-albums-of-all-time/?page=3|title= 33 Best Industrial Albums of All Time|website=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]|last= Carr|first=Daphne|date=17 June 2019|access-date=21 March 2020}}</ref> Ministry frontman [[Al Jourgensen]] was also involved in multiple industrial rock side projects that were signed to Wax Trax!, including [[Revolting Cocks]], [[1000 Homo DJs]] and [[Pailhead]].<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Elledge |first=Paul |date= October 1991 |title=Cult of Personality |volume=7|issue=7 |magazine=[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]] }}</ref> Drawing heavy influences from the New York's no wave scene, [[Cop Shoot Cop]] incorporated two bass guitars with no guitars.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/cop-shoot-cop-mn0000124631/biography|title=Cop Shoot Cop biography|work=[[AllMusic]]|first=John |last=Dougan|access-date=22 March 2020}}</ref>
Chicago's [[Wax Trax! Records]] became a vanguard for the genre in the 1980s<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.altpress.com/features/wax-trax-documentary-record-store-day-interview/ |title=Ministry, Cold Cave to Tour Behind Wax Trax! Documentary |last=Narvaja |first=Norm |date= 10 April 2019 |website=altpress.com |publisher= [[Alternative Press (magazine)|Alternative Press]] |access-date=21 March 2020 }}</ref> and is credited for introducing it to the United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/wax-trax-reduxchart-watch/Content?oid=882542 |title= Wax Trax Redux/Chart Watch |last=Wyman |first=Bill |date= 12 August 1993 |website=chicagoreader.com |publisher= [[Chicago Reader]] |access-date=21 March 2020 }}</ref> [[Ministry (band)|Ministry]]'s 1988 album ''[[The Land of Rape and Honey]]'', departed from the band's synthesizer-oriented sound for a rock style that drew from hardcore punk and [[thrash metal]], while retaining electronic elements and samples.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://loudwire.com/10-most-underrated-bands-1980s/|title=10 Most Underrated Bands of 1980s|website=[[Loudwire]]|last=Hartmann|first=Graham|date=10 January 2019|access-date=21 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pitchfork.com/features/lists-and-guides/the-33-best-industrial-albums-of-all-time/?page=3|title= 33 Best Industrial Albums of All Time|website=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]|last= Carr|first=Daphne|date=17 June 2019|access-date=21 March 2020}}</ref> Ministry frontman [[Al Jourgensen]] was also involved in multiple industrial rock side projects that were signed to Wax Trax!, including [[Revolting Cocks]], [[1000 Homo DJs]] and [[Pailhead]].<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Elledge |first=Paul |date= October 1991 |title=Cult of Personality |volume=7|issue=7 |magazine=[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]] }}</ref> Drawing heavy influences from the New York's no wave scene, [[Cop Shoot Cop]] incorporated two bass guitars with no guitars.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/cop-shoot-cop-mn0000124631/biography|title=Cop Shoot Cop biography|work=[[AllMusic]]|first=John |last=Dougan|access-date=22 March 2020}}</ref>


===Mainstream popularity (1990s)===
===Mainstream popularity (1990s)===

Revision as of 01:28, 21 June 2024

Industrial rock
Industrial rock band KMFDM
Stylistic origins
Cultural originsMid-1980s United States, United Kingdom, Germany
Fusion genres
Industrial metal
Regional scenes
Germany
Other topics

Industrial rock is a fusion genre that fuses industrial music and rock music. It initially originated in the 1970s, and drew influence from early experimental and industrial acts such as Throbbing Gristle, Einstürzende Neubauten and Chrome. Industrial rock became more prominent in the 1980s with the success of artists such as Killing Joke, Swans, and partially Skinny Puppy, and later spawned the offshoot genre known as industrial metal. The genre was made more accessible to mainstream audiences in the 1990s with the aid of acts such as Nine Inch Nails and Marilyn Manson, both of which have released platinum-selling records.

History

Origins (late 1970s and 1980s)

Richie Unterberger assessed the Red Krayola as "a precursor to industrial rock"[1] with their 1967 record The Parable of Arable Land exhibiting music made by 50 people on anything from industrial power tools to a revving motorcycle whilst Pitchfork's Alex Lindhart cited their 1968 follow up God Bless the Red Krayola and All Who Sail With It as being "bootleg Einstürzende Neubauten at its grimiest atonality". AllMusic critic Alex Henderson has stated that experimental group Cromagnon's 1969 record Orgasm foreshadowed the industrial rock sound.[2] Specifically, Pitchfork's Zach Baron noted their song "Caledonia" for its "pre-industrial stomp".[3] Krautrock musicians Michael Rother and Klaus Dinger included industrial noise on their track "Negativland" (from their 1972 debut Neu!) as well as krautrock band Faust on their track "Meadow Meal" (from their 1971 debut Faust). AllMusic stated that Suicide's 1977 debut album "provided the blueprints for post-punk, synth pop, and industrial rock."[4]

In 1976, English musician David Bowie collaborated with American musician Iggy Pop on his 1977 solo debut The Idiot.[5] Musically, the album is said to contain elements of industrial rock,[6] notably the closing track, "Mass Production", which contains numerous "proto-industrial noises" created using tape loops,[7] and is described by Hugo Wilcken as "early industrial electronica".[8] The Idiot has been described as having a major influence on Joy Division, who formed shortly before its release.[9] Joy Division were signed to the industrially themed label Factory Records which had been founded in 1978; their albums Unknown Pleasures (1979) and Closer (1980) heavily influenced the further development of industrial rock. Chrome has also been credited as the "beginning of industrial rock"[10] and their 1978 Half Machine Lip Moves was listed on Wire's "100 Records That Set The World On Fire (When No One Was Listening)".[11]

Industrial rock was created in the mid- to late 1970s, amidst the punk rock revolution and disco fever. Prominent early industrial musicians include Throbbing Gristle, Cabaret Voltaire, NON, SPK and Z'EV.[12] Many other artists have been cited as influences such as Kraftwerk, Gary Numan, and Tubeway Army as well as Einstürzende Neubauten and Fad Gadget. Many other musical performers were incorporating industrial music elements into a variety of musical styles.

Some post-punk performers developed styles parallel to industrial music's defining attributes. Pere Ubu's debut, The Modern Dance, was described by Jim Irvin as "industrial",[13] and Chris Connelly said the musical project Foetus was "the instigator when it comes to the marriage of machinery to hardcore punk."[14] Music journalist Simon Reynolds considered Killing Joke, which saw mainstream success with their 1985 album Night Time,[15] "a post-punk version of heavy metal."[16]

Others followed in their wake.[17] The New York City band Swans were inspired by the local no wave scene, as well as punk rock, noise music (particularly Whitehouse) and the original industrial groups.[18] Steve Albini's Big Black followed a similar path,[19] while also incorporating American hardcore punk.[20] Big Black has also been closely associated with post-hardcore and noise rock, though their ties to industrial music are extremely apparent. The Swiss trio The Young Gods, who deliberately eschewed electric guitars in favor of a sampler,[21] also took inspiration from both hardcore and industrial.[22] In 1986, Canadian band Skinny Puppy released the album Mind: The Perpetual Intercourse,[23] with its lead single, "Dig It", seeing frequent airplay on MTV.[24] The song was a major influence on Nine Inch Nails founder Trent Reznor, who used it as inspiration when writing his first song, "Down in It".[25]: 38 

Chicago's Wax Trax! Records became a vanguard for the genre in the 1980s[26] and is credited for introducing it to the United States.[27] Ministry's 1988 album The Land of Rape and Honey, departed from the band's synthesizer-oriented sound for a rock style that drew from hardcore punk and thrash metal, while retaining electronic elements and samples.[28][29] Ministry frontman Al Jourgensen was also involved in multiple industrial rock side projects that were signed to Wax Trax!, including Revolting Cocks, 1000 Homo DJs and Pailhead.[30] Drawing heavy influences from the New York's no wave scene, Cop Shoot Cop incorporated two bass guitars with no guitars.[31]

Mainstream popularity (1990s)

Industrial rock band Nine Inch Nails

In the 1990s, industrial rock broke into the mainstream with artists and bands such as Nine Inch Nails, Orgy, Rob Zombie, White Zombie, and Marilyn Manson. In December 1992, Nine Inch Nails' EP Broken was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).[32] Nine Inch Nails gained further popularity with the release of their 1994 album The Downward Spiral, which was certified 4× platinum by the RIAA in 1998.[33] The band's 1999 album The Fragile was certified 2× platinum in January 2000.[34] With the success of Nine Inch Nails, the band's debut album Pretty Hate Machine was certified 3× platinum by the RIAA.[35] In the 1990s, four Nine Inch Nails songs went on the Billboard Hot 100.[36] Several industrial rock and industrial metal artists such as KMFDM, Fear Factory, Gravity Kills and Sister Machine Gun appeared on the 1995 Mortal Kombat: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack,[37] which was certified platinum by the RIAA in January 1996.[38]

Industrial rock band Orgy performing in 2015

Marilyn Manson released their album Antichrist Superstar in 1996, which was certified platinum by the RIAA two months after its release date.[39] In the United States, Antichrist Superstar sold at least 1,900,000 units.[40] Marilyn Manson's EP Smells Like Children was certified platinum in May 1998.[41] The band's third album Mechanical Animals went to number 1, dethroning Lauryn Hill's solo debut The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill and selling 223,000 copies in its first week in stores.[42] It was certified platinum by the RIAA in February 1999[43] and sold at least 1,409,000 copies in the United States.[44] Orgy also experienced mainstream success during the 1990s. The band's 1998 album Candyass was certified platinum by the RIAA in July 1999.[45] Orgy's cover of New Order's song "Blue Monday" went to number 56 on the Billboard Hot 100[46] and number 2 on the Dance Club Songs chart.[47] White Zombie experimented with industrial metal on its 1995 album Astro-Creep: 2000,[48] which was certified 2× platinum by the RIAA in March 1996.[49] White Zombie's vocalist Rob Zombie began creating pure industrial metal albums in his solo career. Rob Zombie's 1998 solo debut studio album Hellbilly Deluxe was certified 3× platinum by the RIAA less than two years after its release date.[50] In November 1999, Powerman 5000's album Tonight the Stars Revolt! was certified platinum by the RIAA.[51] The album sold at least 1,316,172 units in the United States.[52] A large Industrial metal scene also emerged in Europe in the 20th century. The Industrial Metal band that manages to appeal to the largest audiences worldwide is Rammstein. Other names have also proven successful in the European scene, including Pain, Deathstars, Dagoba, Eisbrecher, Gothminister and Godflesh.

Labels

See also

References

  1. ^ "The Red Krayola Biography, Songs, & Albums". AllMusic.
  2. ^ Henderson, Alex. "Cromagnon: Orgasm". AllMusic. Retrieved May 17, 2020.
  3. ^ Baron, Zach. "The 200 Greatest Songs of the 1960s". Pitchfork. Archived from the original on April 9, 2010. Retrieved February 20, 2017.
  4. ^ Phares, Heather. "Suicide [First Album] – Suicide". AllMusic. Retrieved June 19, 2013.
  5. ^ Pegg, Nicholas (2016). The Complete David Bowie (Revised and Updated ed.). London: Titan Books. p. 487. ISBN 978-1-78565-365-0.
  6. ^ "Gig Highlight: Iggy Pop". Totally Stockholm. May 4, 2016. Archived from the original on February 15, 2017. Retrieved February 14, 2017.
  7. ^ Seabrook, Thomas Jerome (2008). Bowie in Berlin: A New Career in a New Town. London: Jawbone Press. p. 94. ISBN 978-1-90600-208-4.
  8. ^ Wilcken, Hugo (2005). David Bowie's Low (33 1/3). Continuum. pp. 37–58. ISBN 978-0-826-41684-1.
  9. ^ Seabrook, Thomas Jerome (2008). Bowie in Berlin: A New Career in a New Town. London: Jawbone Press. pp. 94–95. ISBN 978-1-90600-208-4.
  10. ^ "Chrome at 40 the most influential band you've never heard". KQED. July 15, 2015. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
  11. ^ "The Wire's 100 Records That Set The World On Fire While No One Was Listening". The Wire. September 6, 1998. Archived from the original on June 13, 2007. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
  12. ^ Vale & Juno, 1983.
  13. ^ Irvin, 2001, p. 442.
  14. ^ Connelly, 2007, p. 12.
  15. ^ "UK albums charts – killing Joke". theofficialcharts.com. Retrieved January 9, 2020.
  16. ^ Reynolds, 2005, p. 435.
  17. ^ Chantler, 2002, p. 54.
  18. ^ Licht, 2003, p. 32.
  19. ^ Blush, 2001, p. 222.
  20. ^ Sharp, 1999, p. 48.
  21. ^ Mörat, 1992, p. 12.
  22. ^ Stud & Stud, 1987, p. 27.
  23. ^ DiGravina, Tim. "Mind: The Perpetual Intercourse". AllMusic. Archived from the original on July 1, 2016. Retrieved January 9, 2020.
  24. ^ "1986 Rock Music Timeline". Rock Music Timeline. rockmusictimeline.com. Retrieved January 9, 2020.
  25. ^ Weisbard, Eric (February 1996). "Sympathy for the Devil". Spin. Vol. 11, no. 11. Spin Media LLC. pp. 34–42, 96. ISSN 0886-3032. Retrieved January 9, 2020 – via Google Books.
  26. ^ Narvaja, Norm (April 10, 2019). "Ministry, Cold Cave to Tour Behind Wax Trax! Documentary". altpress.com. Alternative Press. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
  27. ^ Wyman, Bill (August 12, 1993). "Wax Trax Redux/Chart Watch". chicagoreader.com. Chicago Reader. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
  28. ^ Hartmann, Graham (January 10, 2019). "10 Most Underrated Bands of 1980s". Loudwire. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
  29. ^ Carr, Daphne (June 17, 2019). "33 Best Industrial Albums of All Time". Pitchfork. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
  30. ^ Elledge, Paul (October 1991). "Cult of Personality". Spin. Vol. 7, no. 7.
  31. ^ Dougan, John. "Cop Shoot Cop biography". AllMusic. Retrieved March 22, 2020.
  32. ^ "American album certifications – Nine Inch Nails – Broken". Recording Industry Association of America.
  33. ^ "American album certifications – Nine Inch Nails – The Downward Spiral". Recording Industry Association of America.
  34. ^ "American album certifications – Nine Inch Nails – The Fragile". Recording Industry Association of America.
  35. ^ "American album certifications – Nine Inch Nails – Pretty Hate Machine". Recording Industry Association of America.
  36. ^ "Nine Inch Nails – Chart history". Billboard. Retrieved May 2, 2017.
  37. ^ "Mortal Kombat [Original Soundtrack] – Original Soundtrack". AllMusic. Retrieved May 19, 2017.
  38. ^ "American album certifications – Soundtrack – Mortal Kombat". Recording Industry Association of America.
  39. ^ "American album certifications – Marilyn Manson – Antichrist Superstar". Recording Industry Association of America.
  40. ^ Paine, Andre (November 8, 2010). "Marilyn Manson Plots 2011 Comeback with Indie Label". Billboard. Retrieved May 3, 2017.
  41. ^ "American album certifications – Marilyn Manson – Smells Like Children". Recording Industry Association of America.
  42. ^ Boehlert, Eric (September 24, 1998). "Marilyn Manson Shows He's Dope". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on November 1, 2017. Retrieved May 2, 2017.
  43. ^ "American album certifications – Marilyn Manson – Mechanical Animals". Recording Industry Association of America.
  44. ^ Grein, Paul (November 3, 2010). "Chart Watch Extra: Swift Joins An Elite Club". Yahoo! Music. Archived from the original on November 7, 2010. Retrieved May 3, 2017.
  45. ^ "American album certifications – Orgy – Candyass". Recording Industry Association of America.
  46. ^ "Orgy – Chart history". Billboard. Retrieved May 3, 2017.
  47. ^ "Orgy – Chart history (Dance Club Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved May 3, 2017.
  48. ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Astro-Creep: 2000 – Songs of Love, Destruction and Other Synthetic Delusions of the Electric Head – White Zombie". AllMusic. Retrieved May 3, 2017.
  49. ^ "American album certifications – White Zombie – Astro-Creep: 2000". Recording Industry Association of America.
  50. ^ "American album certifications – Rob Zombie – Hellbilly Deluxe". Recording Industry Association of America.
  51. ^ "American album certifications – Powerman 5000 – Tonight the Stars Revolt!". Recording Industry Association of America.
  52. ^ "Powerman 5000: Is The End Near?". Blabbermouth.net. November 6, 2003. Retrieved May 6, 2017.

Further reading

  • Blush, Steven (2001). American Hardcore: A Tribal History. Los Angeles: Feral House.
  • Chantler, Chris (2002). "Splitting heirs". Terrorizer, 96: 54–5.
  • Connelly, Chris (2007). Concrete, Bulletproof, Invisible + Fried: My Life as a Revolting Cock. London: SAF Publishing.
  • Irvin, Jim (2001). The Mojo Collection: The greatest albums of all time. Edinburgh: Canongate.
  • Licht, Alan (2003). "Tunnel vision". The Wire, 233: 30–37.
  • Mörat (1992). "Ye gods!" Kerrang!, 411: 12.
  • Reynolds, Simon (2005). Rip it up and start again: Postpunk 1978–1984. London: Faber and Faber Limited.
  • Reed, S. Alexander (2013). Assimilate: A Critical History of Industrial Music. Oxford University Press.
  • Sharp, Chris (1999). "Atari Teenage Riot: 60 second wipe out". The Wire, 183: 48–49.
  • Stud, B. & Stud, T. (June 20, 1987). "Heaven up here". Melody Maker: 26–27.
  • Vale, Vivian; Juno, Andrea (1983). RE/Search #6-#7: Industrial culture handbook. San Francisco: RE/SEARCH PUBLICATIONS.