Dhimalish | |
---|---|
Dhimal–Lhokpu–Toto | |
Geographic distribution | India, Nepal |
Linguistic classification | Sino-Tibetan
|
Subdivisions | |
Glottolog | dhim1247 |
The Dhimalish languages, Dhimal and Toto, are a small group of Sino-Tibetan languages spoken in Nepal, Bhutan, and the Jalpaiguri division of West Bengal, India.
Classification
Hammarström, et al.[1] note in Glottolog that Dhimalish is best considered to be a separate Sino-Tibetan branch rather than as a subgroup of Brahmaputran (Sal), and consider Dhimalish as failing to show sufficient Brahmaputran diagnostic vocabulary. Sotrug (2015)[2] considers Dhimalish to be particularly closely related to the Kiranti languages rather than to the Sal languages.
Grollmann & Gerber (2017)[3] consider Lhokpu to have a particularly close relationship with Dhimal and Toto.
Gerber & Grollmann (2018)[4] group Dhimal, Toto, and Lhokpu within Central-Eastern Kiranti.
Comparative vocabulary
Sanyal (1973:77–81) provides a comparative word list of Toto from Sunder (1895)[5] and George Abraham Grierson's Linguistic Survey of India,[6] and Dhimal from Brian Houghton Hodgson.[7][8]
English gloss | Toto (Sunder) | Toto (Grierson) | Dhimal (Hodgson) | Page no. |
---|---|---|---|---|
air | bingah | – | – | 77 |
ass | – | pangbu | – | 77 |
brother | eh | apu; e | yolla | 77 |
belly | – | pa-ma | hemang | 77 |
back | – | ju-ma | gandi | 77 |
brinjal | bengini | – | – | 77 |
bird | – | bakhi | jiha | 77 |
behind | – | no | – | 77 |
blood | viti | – | – | 77 |
beat | – | sapu | – | 77 |
before | – | dongangta | – | 77 |
bullock | pekah-dambe | – | – | 77 |
cat | minki | minki | dankha-menko | 77 |
cock | odangpa | keka | dhangai-kai | 77 |
come quickly | to-to-wa-wang | le-le | dhi-dhi | 77 |
cow | – | pika | mahani-pia | 77 |
daughter | memi-cheng | chai-me | chamdi | 77 |
devil | – | jishang | – | 77 |
duck | hangsa | hangsa | hangs | 77 |
die | – | sipuna | sili | 77 |
dog | kia | kia | khia | 77 |
down | – | lijuing | – | 77 |
door | lafoong | – | duar | 77 |
eat | – | char | chabi | 77 |
eye | michu | – | mi | 77 |
eyebrow | mimu | – | – | 77 |
elephant | hati | – | – | 77 |
elder sister | anna | – | – | 77 |
evening | jilong | – | – | 78 |
ear | nanoong | – | naha-thong | 78 |
far | – | hinda-mina | – | 78 |
fire | meh | megue | mau | 78 |
forehead | ting-ang | – | – | 78 |
foot | tang-ba | – | kokoi | 78 |
father | appa | apa | aba | 78 |
of father | – | apak | – | 78 |
two fathers | – | apa-nisa | – | 78 |
fish | ngya | – | – | 78 |
fever | haina | – | – | 78 |
good | – | entana | – | 78 |
give | – | picha | – | 78 |
girl | chame | – | – | 78 |
god | – | iswal | – | 78 |
go north | enta-vatu | – | – | 78 |
go east | nuta-vatu | – | – | 78 |
go south | leta-vatu | – | – | 78 |
go west | dita-vatu | – | – | 78 |
go | vatu; hatu | chhapur | hadeli | 78 |
hair | puring | puring | poshom | 78 |
he | – | – | wa | 78 |
he-goat | edang | – | – | 78 |
horse | onyah | aia | – | 78 |
high | – | hinda-nina | – | 78 |
hand | kooe | kui | khur | 78 |
his | uko | – | oko, wang | 78 |
head | pudung | pudang | purin | 78 |
house | – | sa | sa | 78 |
I | kug-ve | kate | ka | 78 |
iron | – | chaka | chir | 78 |
jackfruit | dangse | – | – | 79 |
jungle bamboo | – | – | – | 79 |
lips | megoe | – | – | 79 |
leg | kok-koi | – | khokoi | 79 |
lime | churai | – | – | 79 |
man | – | deya | waved | 79 |
mother | aeu | aio | amma | 79 |
mouth | noohgung | – | – | 79 |
monkey | nokka | – | – | 79 |
milk | yoti | – | – | 79 |
moon | tari | tari | tali | 79 |
morning | habkong | – | – | 79 |
nose | nabboh | – | – | 79 |
nails | kushing | – | – | 79 |
near | – | abeto | – | 79 |
night | lishong | – | – | 79 |
no | – | ma-koe | – | 79 |
orange | santra | – | – | 79 |
our | kongo | – | king | 79 |
pig | pakka | – | – | 79 |
pan leaf | parai | – | – | 79 |
plantain | eungpi | – | – | 79 |
plantain tree | eungpi | – | – | 79 |
paddy | mabe | – | – | 79 |
river | tihana | – | – | 79 |
rain | vathi | – | – | 79 |
rice | unku | – | – | 79 |
rice-beer | eu | – | – | 79 |
run | – | tui | – | 79 |
rupee | tanka | – | – | 79 |
sister | – | ing | rima | 79 |
sun | sani | chhani | bela | 79 |
son | chung | chao, chaoa | chau | 79 |
stand | – | lo-lo | – | 79 |
star | puima | – | – | 79 |
salt | ngi | – | – | 80 |
sit | – | iyung | yongli | 80 |
tiger | koogah | – | – | 80 |
thigh | vybe | – | – | 80 |
thou | – | na-ga | – | 80 |
tree | singe | – | – | 80 |
tooth | shitang | – | sitong | 80 |
tongue | lebek | – | detong | 80 |
up | – | jujuntaye | – | 80 |
water | ti | ti | chi | 80 |
we | – | na-te | kyel | 80 |
woman | – | mem-bi | beval | 80 |
wife | – | me | be | 80 |
who | – | ha | jeti-siti | 80 |
why | – | ha-ranga | haipali | 80 |
younger sister | ing | – | – | 80 |
yes | – | ke | he | 80 |
you | naga | – | nye | 80 |
1 | eoo | che | e-long | 80 |
2 | nih-hu | ne | gne-long | 80 |
3 | soongu | sung | sum-long | 80 |
4 | diu | ji | dia-long | 80 |
5 | ngyu | nga | na-long | 80 |
6 | tuu | tu | tu-long | 80 |
7 | niu | dun | nhu-long | 80 |
8 | yau | ge, ne | ye-long | 80 |
9 | kuu | gu | kuha-long | 80 |
10 | thau | chu-tamba | te-long | 80 |
20 | chuniso | nisa | e-long-bisha | 81 |
100 | nakai | nga-kai | na-long-bisha | 81 |
See also
- Dhimalish comparative vocabulary list (Wiktionary)
References
- ^ "Glottolog 4.4 – Kenaboi".
- ^ Sotrug, Yeshy T. (2015). Linguistic evidence for madeskā kirãntī. The phylogenetic position of Dhimalish. Bern: University of Bern Master’s Thesis, 22 June 2015.
- ^ Grollmann, Selin and Pascal Gerber. 2017. Linguistic evidence for a closer relationship between Lhokpu and Dhimal: Including some remarks on the Dhimalish subgroup. Bern: University of Bern.
- ^ Pascal Gerber; Selin Grollmann (2018). What is Kiranti? A Critical Account. Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics 11 (2018) 99–152.
- ^ Sunder, D. H. E. 1895. Survey and Settlement of Western Duars in the District of Jalpaiguri, 1889–1895.
- ^ Grierson, George A. 1909. Linguistic Survey of India (Vol. III, Part I, Tibeto-Burman Family: Tibetan Dialects, the Himalayan Dialects and the North Assam Group). Calcutta: Superintendent of Government Printing, India.
- ^ Hodgson, Brian. 1874. Essays on the Languages, Literatures, and Religion of Nepal and Tibet. London: Truebner and Co.
- ^ Hodgson, Brian Houghton. 1880. Miscellaneous Essays relating to Indian Subjects (2 vols.). London: Trübner & Co.
- George van Driem (2001) Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region. Archived 2011-06-28 at the Wayback Machine Brill: Boston [ISBN missing][page needed]
- Sanyal, Charu Chandra. 1973. "The Totos: A sub-Himalayan tribe." In The Meches and the Totos, 1–81. Darjeeling: University of North Bengal.
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